An update on research and clinical management

Although endemic to Canada, Brucella canis is an elusive infectious agent of unknown significance to most practitioners. Clinical disease attributed to Brucella canis infection occurs sporadically, reinforcing the perception that the disease is uncommon in Canada compared with other regions of North America such as Mexico and the southeastern USA. Seroprevalence rates in the southeastern USA are estimated to be 7% to 8% . Earlier reports from Quebec (1970’s) and southwestern Ontario (1980) still serve as the main Canadian seroprevalence data with rates of 1.6% and 0.3%, respectively . There is currently a paucity of seroprevalence studies in western Canada, but outbreaks have been observed in a Saskatchewan kennel and the Calgary, Alberta area .

With the unprecedented rates of animals moving across international borders and the lack of federal regulation, canine brucellosis may be changing its geographical distribution. In 1988, a Canadian Veterinary Journal article documented the identification of 2 strains, an American type strain RM66 and a Mexican strain Mex 51, in 11 Brucella canis  Genprice Gentaur isolates from Canadian dogs.

Characterization of the current circulating strains is warranted.

  • Until this information is available, Canadian veterinarians should be aware of the agent and consider it as a reasonable differential diagnosis in appropriate cases, regardless of historical information, or neuter status. In Canada, Brucella canis remains a potentially devastating infectious agent that is still considered uncommon, despite the increasing international movement of dogs.
  • There may be a growing risk to the Canadian canine population due to a reliance on outdated seroprevalence studies and the lack of federal regulation.
  • With the complex diagnostic and management challenges associated with Brucella canis, a One Health approach is necessary to address the need for ongoing research, including updating canine and human seroprevalence rates in Canada, elucidating the pathogenesis, and determining the most appropriate treatment and prevention strategies.
  • Clinical management decisions are often complicated by currently available treatment protocols, and health risks to both canine and human populations. This article integrates recent research focusing on the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of Brucella canis , and outlines current clinical management approaches.

Etiology

Bacteria in the genus Brucella are nonmotile, nonencapsulated, non-spore-forming, facultatively intracellular Gram-negative coccobacilli or short rods . Four of the six classical Brucella species are known to cause disease in dogs and humans: Brucella canis (natural reservoir animal is the dog), Brucella melitensis (sheep, goats), Brucella suis (pigs), and Brucella abortus (cattle, bison, buffalo) . The remaining 2 of the 6 classical Brucella species [Brucella neotomae (rodents, desert rats) and Brucella ovis (sheep)] are not associated with disease in dogs. Additional Brucella species including both terrestrial forms (B. microti, B. inopinata) and marine forms (B. maris, B. pinnipediae, B. ceti) are of uncertain pathogenicity to dogs.

Brucella canis was discovered in 1966–1967 during an investigation of abortion in beagles, in which the organism was isolated from aborted tissues and vaginal discharge . Brucella canis was initially thought to be a biotype of Brucella suis based on genotypic and phenotypic similarities . The significance of this distinction is paramount to the Canadian swine industry and the Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA) as Canada is considered free of Brucella suis biovar 3 . Differentiation between Brucella canis and Brucella suis biovar 3 can be challenging . A multiplex conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) has been optimized to differentiate between these Brucella species .

The host range for Brucella canis is predominantly domestic dogs, but other species have been investigated. Serologic studies of wild canids have documented positive antibody titers in foxes and coyotes . Experimental studies involving conjunctival and oral inoculation of cattle, swine, and sheep with B. canis showed that these host species were highly resistant to B. canis infection, despite 2 field reports of B. canis in cattle . Similarly, oral experimental infection of cats documented transient bacteremia in 3/14 but none developed agglutinating antibody titers .

 

Transmission Major routes of transmission for this venereally transmitted agent are genital, conjunctival, and oronasal mucosae, as occurs during normal reproductive, social, and grooming activities in dogs .

The primary sources of transmission are reproductive fluids: vaginal discharges and semen. Tissues and fluids associated with the fetus, the placenta, and the vagina after abortion or stillbirth have approximately 106 organisms/mL . Shedding of the organism occurs in vulvar secretions for up to 6 wk after abortion and during estrus . In males, semen has high concentrations of the bacterium for 6 to 8 wk after infection . The agent is then shed intermittently for up to 2 y at lower concentrations in semen which remains an important source of infection for other dogs . The minimum infectious dose is approximately 106 organisms/mL via the oral route and 104 to 105 organisms/mL by the conjunctival route . Minor routes of transmission include in utero, broken skin, blood transfusions, feces, milk, and fomites such as contaminated syringes, vaginoscopes, and artificial insemination equipment .

Brucella bacteria attach to mucous membranes, penetrate the epithelial barrier, and are taken up by the mononuclear phagocytic system, where they reside intracellularly. This is accomplished by utilizing virulence factors presumably via the type IV secretory system, and inhibiting the bactericidal myeloperoxidase-peroxide-halide system through the release of 5-guanosine and adenine .

The intracellular organisms then travel through the reticuloendothelial system to local lymph nodes (retropharyngeal, inguinal, superficial iliac), liver, spleen, and possibly bone marrow. After 7 to 30 d, the bacteria move into the blood stream to cause intermittent bacteremia. The organism targets “steroid-dependent” reproductive tissues, including the prostate, testicles, epididymides, gravid uterus, and placenta . Evaluation of a Saskatchewan kennel outbreak of brucellosis found that the progestational, non-gravid uterus was also a reservoir for the bacterium . A mixed inflammatory response consisting of lymphocytes, plasmacytes, and histiocytes has been observed in these reproductive tissues . Focal coagulative necrosis of the chorionic villi, necrotizing arteritis, and numerous bacteria in trophoblastic epithelial cells can be found in the aborted placenta .

Goat Brucella Antibody Rapid Test Kit

abx092070-40tests Abbexa 40 tests 427.2 EUR

Human Brucella Antibody IgG,Brucella Ab IgG ELISA Kit

201-12-1740 SunredBio 96 tests 528 EUR

Human Brucella Antibody IgG(Brucella Ab IgG)ELISA Kit

GA-E1756HM-48T GenAsia Biotech 48T 346.8 EUR

Human Brucella Antibody IgG(Brucella Ab IgG)ELISA Kit

GA-E1756HM-96T GenAsia Biotech 96T 559.2 EUR

Human Brucella Antibody IgG(Brucella Ab IgG)ELISA Kit

QY-E04066 Qayee Biotechnology 96T 433.2 EUR

Porcine brucella antibody IgG(brucella Ab IgG)ELISA Kit

YLA0454PO-48T Shanghai YL Biotech 48T 502.5 EUR

Porcine brucella antibody IgG(brucella Ab IgG)ELISA Kit

YLA0454PO-96T Shanghai YL Biotech 96T 618.75 EUR

Dog brucella antibody (IgG) ELISA kit

CSB-EQ027847DO-24T Cusabio 1 plate of 24 wells 198 EUR

Dog brucella antibody (IgG) ELISA kit

1-CSB-EQ027847DO Cusabio
  • 1160.40 EUR
  • 7110.00 EUR
  • 3760.80 EUR
  • 1 plate of 96 wells
  • 10 plates of 96 wells each
  • 5 plates of 96 wells each

ELISA kit for Human Brucella Antibody IgM (Brucella-Ab-IgM)

KTE62702-48T Abbkine 48T 424.8 EUR

ELISA kit for Human Brucella Antibody IgM (Brucella-Ab-IgM)

KTE62702-5platesof96wells Abbkine 5 plates of 96 wells 2702.4 EUR

ELISA kit for Human Brucella Antibody IgM (Brucella-Ab-IgM)

KTE62702-96T Abbkine 96T 686.4 EUR

ELISA kit for Human Brucella Antibody IgA (Brucella-Ab-IgA)

KTE62703-48T Abbkine 48T 424.8 EUR

ELISA kit for Human Brucella Antibody IgA (Brucella-Ab-IgA)

KTE62703-5platesof96wells Abbkine 5 plates of 96 wells 2702.4 EUR

ELISA kit for Human Brucella Antibody IgA (Brucella-Ab-IgA)

KTE62703-96T Abbkine 96T 686.4 EUR

Human Brucella-Antibody-c,B-AB-c ELISA Kit

YLA3789HU-48T Shanghai YL Biotech 48T 435 EUR

Human Brucella-Antibody-c,B-AB-c ELISA Kit

YLA3789HU-96T Shanghai YL Biotech 96T 562.5 EUR

Human Brucella abortus IgM(Brucella abortus IgM) ELISA Kit

YLA3790HU-48T Shanghai YL Biotech 48T 435 EUR

Human Brucella abortus IgM(Brucella abortus IgM) ELISA Kit

YLA3790HU-96T Shanghai YL Biotech 96T 562.5 EUR

Human Brucella abortus IgG(Brucella abortus IgG) ELISA Kit

YLA3791HU-48T Shanghai YL Biotech 48T 435 EUR

Human Brucella abortus IgG(Brucella abortus IgG) ELISA Kit

YLA3791HU-96T Shanghai YL Biotech 96T 562.5 EUR

Human Brucella abortus IgG(Brucella abortus IgG)ELISA Kit

YLA3899HU-48T Shanghai YL Biotech 48T 435 EUR

Human Brucella abortus IgG(Brucella abortus IgG)ELISA Kit

YLA3899HU-96T Shanghai YL Biotech 96T 562.5 EUR

Brucella spp. PCR kit

PCR-VH200-48D Bioingentech 50T 543.6 EUR

Brucella spp. PCR kit

PCR-VH200-96D Bioingentech 100T 686.4 EUR

Brucella suis PCR kit

PCR-H503-48D Bioingentech 50T 543.6 EUR

Brucella suis PCR kit

PCR-H503-96D Bioingentech 100T 686.4 EUR

Brucella ovis PCR kit

PCR-V317-48D Bioingentech 50T 543.6 EUR

Brucella ovis PCR kit

PCR-V317-96D Bioingentech 100T 686.4 EUR

Cow Brucella ELISA Kit

abx055570-96tests Abbexa 96 tests 801.6 EUR

Brucella IgG ELISA Kit

DEIA320 Creative Diagnostics 96T 733.2 EUR

Brucella IgA ELISA Kit

DEIA321 Creative Diagnostics 96T 733.2 EUR

Brucella IgM ELISA Kit

DEIA322 Creative Diagnostics 96T 733.2 EUR

Brucella canis PCR kit

PCR-VH075-48D Bioingentech 50T 543.6 EUR

Brucella canis PCR kit

PCR-VH075-96D Bioingentech 100T 686.4 EUR

Brucella IgG ELISA Kit

E4709-100 Biovision each 810 EUR

Brucella IgM ELISA Kit

E4710-100 Biovision each 810 EUR

Brucella abortus PCR kit

PCR-VH184-48D Bioingentech 50T 543.6 EUR

Brucella abortus PCR kit

PCR-VH184-96D Bioingentech 100T 686.4 EUR

Brucella spp. RT PCR kit

RTq-VH200-100D Bioingentech 100T 860.4 EUR

Brucella spp. RT PCR kit

RTq-VH200-150D Bioingentech 150T 969.6 EUR

Brucella spp. RT PCR kit

RTq-VH200-50D Bioingentech 50T 717.6 EUR

QPCR Kit DNA Brucella ge

MOL6622 Scientific Laboratory Supplies EACH 1045.79 EUR

Brucella suis RT PCR kit

RTq-H503-100D Bioingentech 100T 860.4 EUR

Brucella suis RT PCR kit

RTq-H503-150D Bioingentech 150T 969.6 EUR

Brucella suis RT PCR kit

RTq-H503-50D Bioingentech 50T 717.6 EUR

Brucella ovis RT PCR kit

RTq-V317-100D Bioingentech 100T 860.4 EUR

Brucella ovis RT PCR kit

RTq-V317-150D Bioingentech 150T 969.6 EUR

Brucella ovis RT PCR kit

RTq-V317-50D Bioingentech 50T 717.6 EUR

Brucella melitensis PCR kit

PCR-V205-48D Bioingentech 50T 543.6 EUR

Brucella melitensis PCR kit

PCR-V205-96D Bioingentech 100T 686.4 EUR

Brucella Antibody ELISA Kit

RK04106 Abclonal 96T 625.2 EUR

Brucella canis RT PCR kit

RTq-VH075-100D Bioingentech 100T 860.4 EUR

Brucella canis RT PCR kit

RTq-VH075-150D Bioingentech 150T 969.6 EUR

Brucella canis RT PCR kit

RTq-VH075-50D Bioingentech 50T 717.6 EUR

BRUCELLA AGAR

B02-119-10kg Alphabiosciences 10 kg 1756.8 EUR

BRUCELLA AGAR

B02-119-2kg Alphabiosciences 2kg 428.4 EUR

BRUCELLA AGAR

B02-119-500g Alphabiosciences 500 g 160.8 EUR

Brucella abortus RT PCR kit

RTq-VH184-100D Bioingentech 100T 860.4 EUR

Brucella abortus RT PCR kit

RTq-VH184-150D Bioingentech 150T 969.6 EUR

Brucella abortus RT PCR kit

RTq-VH184-50D Bioingentech 50T 717.6 EUR

BRUCELLA BROTH

B02-120-10kg Alphabiosciences 10 kg 1340.4 EUR

BRUCELLA BROTH

B02-120-2Kg Alphabiosciences 2 Kg 338.4 EUR

BRUCELLA BROTH

B02-120-500g Alphabiosciences 500 g 135.6 EUR

ELISA kit for Sheep Brucella  Kit

KTE110085-48T Abbkine 48T 424.8 EUR

ELISA kit for Sheep Brucella  Kit

KTE110085-5platesof96wells Abbkine 5 plates of 96 wells 2702.4 EUR

ELISA kit for Sheep Brucella  Kit

KTE110085-96T Abbkine 96T 686.4 EUR

QPCR Kit DNA Brucella abortus

MOL6686 Scientific Laboratory Supplies EACH 1004.01 EUR

Brucella abortus IgA ELISA kit

55R-IB79210 Fitzgerald 96 wells 379.2 EUR

Brucella abortus IgG ELISA kit

55R-IB79211 Fitzgerald 96 wells 396 EUR

Brucella abortus IgM ELISA kit

55R-IB79212 Fitzgerald 96 wells 379.2 EUR

Brucella melitensis RT PCR kit

RTq-V205-100D Bioingentech 100T 860.4 EUR

Brucella melitensis RT PCR kit

RTq-V205-150D Bioingentech 150T 969.6 EUR

Brucella melitensis RT PCR kit

RTq-V205-50D Bioingentech 50T 717.6 EUR

Cow Brucella Antibody ELISA Kit

abx364922-96tests Abbexa 96 tests 895.2 EUR

QPCR Kit DNA Brucella abortMmix

MOL6688 Scientific Laboratory Supplies EACH 1274.27 EUR

Brucella IgM Antibody ELISA Kit

RK04107 Abclonal 96T 625.2 EUR

Goat Brucella Antibody ELISA Kit 

abx364917-96tests Abbexa 96 tests 764.4 EUR

Brucella abortus S19RB51 PCR kit

PCR-V212-48D Bioingentech 50T 543.6 EUR

Brucella abortus S19RB51 PCR kit

PCR-V212-96D Bioingentech 100T 686.4 EUR

Brucella spp. One-Step PCR kit

Oneq-VH200-100D Bioingentech 100T 1039.2 EUR

Brucella spp. One-Step PCR kit

Oneq-VH200-150D Bioingentech 150T 1177.2 EUR

Brucella spp. One-Step PCR kit

Oneq-VH200-50D Bioingentech 50T 861.6 EUR

RealScreen Brucella IgG ELISA Kit

EL002-096 GenDepot 96T 1064.4 EUR

RealScreen Brucella IgM ELISA Kit

EL003-096 GenDepot 96T 1064.4 EUR

RecomBac Mouse Brucella abortus BP26 Protein IgG ELISA kit, 96 tests, Quantitative

RB-500440-1 Alpha Diagnostics 1 kit 781.2 EUR

QPCR Kit DNA Brucella genus Mmix

MOL6624 Scientific Laboratory Supplies EACH 1333.02 EUR

Brucella ovis One-Step PCR kit

Oneq-V317-100D Bioingentech 100T 1039.2 EUR

Brucella ovis One-Step PCR kit

Oneq-V317-150D Bioingentech 150T 1177.2 EUR

Brucella ovis One-Step PCR kit

Oneq-V317-50D Bioingentech 50T 861.6 EUR

Brucella suis One-Step PCR kit

Oneq-H503-100D Bioingentech 100T 1039.2 EUR

Brucella suis One-Step PCR kit

Oneq-H503-150D Bioingentech 150T 1177.2 EUR

Brucella suis One-Step PCR kit

Oneq-H503-50D Bioingentech 50T 861.6 EUR

Brucella Agar 500gm

211086 Scientific Laboratory Supplies EACH 224.4 EUR

Brucella canis One-Step PCR kit

Oneq-VH075-100D Bioingentech 100T 1039.2 EUR

Brucella canis One-Step PCR kit

Oneq-VH075-150D Bioingentech 150T 1177.2 EUR

Brucella canis One-Step PCR kit

Oneq-VH075-50D Bioingentech 50T 861.6 EUR

Brucella Broth 500gm

211088 Scientific Laboratory Supplies EACH 178.8 EUR

Pig brucella antibody (IgG) ELISA kit

CSB-EQ027847PI-24T Cusabio 1 plate of 24 wells 198 EUR

Pig brucella antibody (IgG) ELISA kit

1-CSB-EQ027847PI Cusabio
  • 843.60 EUR
  • 5811.60 EUR
  • 3084.00 EUR
  • 1 plate of 96 wells
  • 10 plates of 96 wells each
  • 5 plates of 96 wells each

Brucella abortus One-Step PCR kit

Oneq-VH184-100D Bioingentech 100T 1039.2 EUR

Brucella abortus One-Step PCR kit

Oneq-VH184-150D Bioingentech 150T 1177.2 EUR

Brucella abortus One-Step PCR kit

Oneq-VH184-50D Bioingentech 50T 861.6 EUR

ELISA kit for Pig Brucella Antibody

KTE80242-48T Abbkine 48T 424.8 EUR

ELISA kit for Pig Brucella Antibody

KTE80242-5platesof96wells Abbkine 5 plates of 96 wells 2702.4 EUR

ELISA kit for Pig Brucella Antibody

KTE80242-96T Abbkine 96T 686.4 EUR

Brucella abortus S19RB51 RT PCR kit

RTq-V212-100D Bioingentech 100T 860.4 EUR

Brucella abortus S19RB51 RT PCR kit

RTq-V212-150D Bioingentech 150T 969.6 EUR

Brucella abortus S19RB51 RT PCR kit

RTq-V212-50D Bioingentech 50T 717.6 EUR

ELISA kit for Goat Brucella Antibody

KTE50037-48T Abbkine 48T 424.8 EUR

ELISA kit for Goat Brucella Antibody

KTE50037-5platesof96wells Abbkine 5 plates of 96 wells 2702.4 EUR

ELISA kit for Goat Brucella Antibody

KTE50037-96T Abbkine 96T 686.4 EUR

Human brucella antibody (IgM) ELISA kit

CSB-EQ027536HU-24T Cusabio 1 plate of 24 wells 198 EUR

Human brucella antibody (IgM) ELISA kit

1-CSB-EQ027536HU Cusabio
  • 1160.40 EUR
  • 7110.00 EUR
  • 3760.80 EUR
  • 1 plate of 96 wells
  • 10 plates of 96 wells each
  • 5 plates of 96 wells each

Human Brucella Antibody (IgG) ELISA Kit

CSB-E05020h-24T Cusabio 1 plate of 24 wells 198 EUR

Human Brucella Antibody (IgG) ELISA Kit

1-CSB-E05020h Cusabio
  • 843.60 EUR
  • 5811.60 EUR
  • 3084.00 EUR
  • 1 plate of 96 wells
  • 10 plates of 96 wells each
  • 5 plates of 96 wells each

ELISA kit for Bovine Brucella abortus

KTE10447-48T Abbkine 48T 424.8 EUR

ELISA kit for Bovine Brucella abortus

KTE10447-5platesof96wells Abbkine 5 plates of 96 wells 2702.4 EUR

ELISA kit for Bovine Brucella abortus

KTE10447-96T Abbkine 96T 686.4 EUR

ELISA kit for Sheep Brucella Antibody

KTE110086-48T Abbkine 48T 424.8 EUR

ELISA kit for Sheep Brucella Antibody

KTE110086-5platesof96wells Abbkine 5 plates of 96 wells 2702.4 EUR

ELISA kit for Sheep Brucella Antibody

KTE110086-96T Abbkine 96T 686.4 EUR

ELISA kit for Canine Brucella Antibody  Kit

KTE20141-48T Abbkine 48T 424.8 EUR

ELISA kit for Canine Brucella Antibody  Kit

KTE20141-5platesof96wells Abbkine 5 plates of 96 wells 2702.4 EUR

ELISA kit for Canine Brucella Antibody  Kit

KTE20141-96T Abbkine 96T 686.4 EUR

Brucella melitensis One-Step PCR kit

Oneq-V205-100D Bioingentech 100T 1039.2 EUR

Brucella melitensis One-Step PCR kit

Oneq-V205-150D Bioingentech 150T 1177.2 EUR

Brucella melitensis One-Step PCR kit

Oneq-V205-50D Bioingentech 50T 861.6 EUR

ELISA kit for Bovine Brucella Antibody

KTE10440-48T Abbkine 48T 424.8 EUR

ELISA kit for Bovine Brucella Antibody

KTE10440-5platesof96wells Abbkine 5 plates of 96 wells 2702.4 EUR

ELISA kit for Bovine Brucella Antibody

KTE10440-96T Abbkine 96T 686.4 EUR

Bovine Brucella(Antibody)

QY-E60093 Qayee Biotechnology 96T 511.2 EUR

Brucella abortus antibody

10-1033 Fitzgerald 1 mg 830.4 EUR

Brucella abortus antibody

10-1034 Fitzgerald 1 mg 830.4 EUR

Human Brucella IgG ELISA Kit (Direct EIA)

EK7021 BosterBio 96wells/kit, with removable strips. 573.6 EUR

Human Brucella IgM ELISA Kit (Direct EIA)

EK7022 BosterBio 96wells/kit, with removable strips. 573.6 EUR

Brucella abortus S19RB51 One-Step PCR kit

Oneq-V212-100D Bioingentech 100T 1039.2 EUR

Brucella abortus S19RB51 One-Step PCR kit

Oneq-V212-150D Bioingentech 150T 1177.2 EUR

Brucella abortus S19RB51 One-Step PCR kit

Oneq-V212-50D Bioingentech 50T 861.6 EUR

Brucella Antibody (IgG) (Pig) ELISA Kit (OKCA00561)

OKCA00561 Aviva Systems Biology 96 Wells 1195.2 EUR

ELISA kit for Bovine Brucella abortus Antibody

KTE10446-48T Abbkine 48T 424.8 EUR

ELISA kit for Bovine Brucella abortus Antibody

KTE10446-5platesof96wells Abbkine 5 plates of 96 wells 2702.4 EUR

ELISA kit for Bovine Brucella abortus Antibody

KTE10446-96T Abbkine 96T 686.4 EUR

Brucella Abortus, Intact Cells Antibody

abx021561-1mg Abbexa 1 mg 961.2 EUR

Brucella Abortus, Intact Cells Antibody

abx021562-1mg Abbexa 1 mg 961.2 EUR

Mouse antibody for Brucella abortus LPS

3531 Virostat 100 ug 386.26 EUR

Mouse antibody for Brucella abortus LPS

3535 Virostat 100 ug 386.26 EUR

Brucella abortus Malate dehydrogenase (mdh)

1-CSB-EP013623BWR Cusabio
  • 733.20 EUR
  • 370.80 EUR
  • 2192.40 EUR
  • 1126.80 EUR
  • 1461.60 EUR
  • 476.40 EUR
  • 100ug
  • 10ug
  • 1MG
  • 200ug
  • 500ug
  • 50ug

Mouse Anti Brucella Abortus Monoclonal Antibody

DMABT-51110MB Creative Diagnostics 0.2 mg 889.2 EUR

Mouse Anti Brucella Abortus Monoclonal Antibody

DMABT-51111MB Creative Diagnostics 0.2 mg 889.2 EUR

Mouse Anti Brucella Abortus Monoclonal Antibody

DMABT-51112MB Creative Diagnostics 0.2 mg 889.2 EUR

Mouse Anti Brucella Abortus Monoclonal Antibody

DMABT-51113MB Creative Diagnostics 0.2 mg 889.2 EUR

Mouse Anti Brucella Abortus Monoclonal Antibody

DMABT-51114MB Creative Diagnostics 0.2 mg 889.2 EUR

Mouse Anti Brucella Abortus Monoclonal Antibody

DMABT-51115MB Creative Diagnostics 0.2 mg 852 EUR

Mouse Anti Brucella Abortus Monoclonal Antibody

DMABT-51116MB Creative Diagnostics 0.1 mg 920.4 EUR

Recombinant Brucella Ovis BOV_0999 Protein (aa 1-357)

VAng-Lsx5505-inquire Creative Biolabs inquire Ask for price

Recombinant Brucella Ovis lgt Protein (aa 1-281)

VAng-Lsx5510-inquire Creative Biolabs inquire Ask for price

Establishing a diagnosis can be challenging due to the wide spectrum of clinical manifestations reported and the limitations of available diagnostic tests. The intent of this article is to familiarize clinical, public health, and research veterinarians with the etiology, transmission, pathogenesis, course of infection, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment, prevention, and public health aspects of the disease.

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